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Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Biology · Class 11NCERT pp. 71–772 sets × 25 questions
Key facts and formulas for Anatomy of Flowering Plants, three worked sample questions, and two full practice sets. Every question has a hint, a reason for every option and a step-by-step solution, with a calculator or animation where one helps. English and Hinglish.
Key facts for this chapter
| Idea | Rule or fact |
|---|
| Tissue systems | Epidermal, ground and vascular, grouped by structure and position |
| Guard cells | Bean-shaped in most plants, dumb-bell shaped in grasses; wall near the pore is thick |
| Root vs stem outer layer | Root: epiblema with root hairs. Dicot stem hypodermis is collenchyma, monocot is sclerenchyma |
| Endodermis | Root: casparian strips of suberin. Dicot stem: starch sheath |
| Vascular bundles | Radial in roots; conjoint in stems and leaves; open has cambium, closed does not |
| Dicot vs monocot root | Dicot: 2 to 4 xylem bundles, small pith, secondary growth. Monocot: more than 6, large pith, none |
| Leaf types | Dorsiventral: palisade above, spongy below. Isobilateral: stomata both sides. Grass: bulliform cells |
| Xylem and phloem | Only xylem parenchyma is living in xylem; phloem has sieve tubes, companion cells, fibres |
| Secondary growth | Cambium gives more xylem inside; annual rings; heartwood dark and dead, sapwood conducts |
| Cork | Phellogen makes phellem and phelloderm; suberin waterproofs; lenticels allow gas exchange |
Three sample questions
Q1. In this chapter, tissues are grouped into three systems on the basis of their
- origin from meristems only
- structure and position in the plant body
- cell wall thickness only
- number of nuclei
Hint and solution
Hint: Think of what differs between epidermal, ground and vascular systems: how they look and where they sit in the plant.
- 3 systems: epidermal, ground, vascular — Anatomy of flowering plants divides tissues into epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems.
- Basis = structure + location — These systems differ in what they look like and where they lie, from outermost layer to the centre.
- Other options are not the basis — Origin, wall thickness and nuclei number do not define these systems. So the answer is structure and position. Option B.
Answer: B. The three systems are epidermal, ground and vascular, grouped by structure and location.
Q2. The epidermal tissue system consists of
- epidermal cells, stomata and epidermal appendages
- epidermal cells and xylem
- stomata and phloem
- cortex, pith and pericycle
Hint and solution
Hint: The epidermal system is the outermost covering: cells, pores and outgrowths.
- Epidermal system = cells + stomata + appendages — The epidermis is the outermost layer, with stomata and outgrowths such as trichomes and root hairs.
- Xylem, phloem = vascular — Options with xylem or phloem belong to the vascular system, so remove B and C.
- Cortex, pith = ground — Cortex, pith and pericycle are ground tissue, so D goes too. Option A.
Answer: A. Appendages are trichomes and hairs.
Q3. The cells of the epidermis are
- loosely packed with large air spaces
- thick-walled dead cells
- chloroplast-rich spongy cells
- elongated, tightly packed parenchyma with a large vacuole
Hint and solution
Hint: Epidermis is a protective layer with no gaps, and each cell has a large central vacuole.
- Epidermis = continuous parenchymatous layer — The epidermis is a single layer of elongated cells packed with no intercellular spaces.
- Large vacuole, thin cytoplasm — Each cell keeps its cytoplasm as a thin film around a big vacuole.
- Eliminate — Air spaces, dead thick walls and chloroplast-rich cells belong to other tissues. So the answer is the tightly packed parenchyma. Option D.
Answer: D. They form a continuous layer with no gaps, and the cytoplasm is a thin film around a big vacuole.
How to use this chapter
Read the NCERT pages first, then attempt Set 1 without the hints. Note every wrong answer in a mistake list, read the reason for each option, and retry Set 2 two days later. A topic is solid when you can say why each wrong option is wrong.