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Reproductive Health
Biology · Class 12pp. 41–482 sets × 25 questionsFree
Key facts and formulas for Reproductive Health, three worked sample questions, and two full practice sets. Every question has a hint, a reason for every option and a step-by-step solution, with a calculator or animation where one helps. English and Hinglish.
Key facts for this chapter
| Idea | Rule or fact |
|---|
| Reproductive health | WHO: total well-being in physical, emotional, behavioural and social aspects of reproduction; family planning began in India in 1951, MTP legal in 1971 |
| Marriageable age | 18 years for females, 21 years for males |
| Contraceptive types | Natural/periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea (max 6 months), barriers, IUDs, pills, injectables, implants, sterilisation |
| IUDs | Non-medicated (Lippes loop), copper-releasing (CuT, Cu7), hormone-releasing (Progestasert, LNG-20) |
| Pills and Saheli | Oral pills: 21 days from day 5, then 7-day gap; Saheli: non-steroidal centchroman, weekly, from CDRI Lucknow |
| Sterilisation | Vasectomy cuts vas deferens; tubectomy cuts fallopian tube; hormones and cycles unchanged |
| MTP rules | Up to 12 weeks: one practitioner; 12 to 24 weeks: two practitioners |
| STIs | Bacterial: syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydiasis; protozoan: trichomoniasis; viral: hepatitis-B, genital herpes, HIV, HPV; viral ones not fully curable |
| HIV and AIDS | RNA retrovirus using reverse transcriptase; destroys helper T cells; screened by ELISA; not spread by casual contact |
| ART | IVF; ZIFT up to 8 blastomeres into fallopian tube; IUT more than 8 into uterus; GIFT, ICSI, IUI; first IVF baby 1978 |
Three sample questions
Q1. Consider these statements about reproductive health.
I. The WHO describes it as total well-being in physical, emotional, behavioural and social aspects of reproduction.
II. It means only that the reproductive organs work normally.
III. India began national family planning programmes in 1951.
Which are correct?
- I and II only
- I and III only
- II and III only
- I, II and III
Hint and solution
Hint: Reproductive health is a broad idea, not just working organs. Also recall the year India launched family planning.
- WHO: total well-being in all aspects of reproduction — Reproductive health covers physical, emotional, behavioural and social well-being. So statement I is correct.
- II: only normal organs → too narrow — Healthy organs are only one part of the idea. Statement II is therefore wrong.
- III: family planning began in 1951 — India was among the first countries to start such a programme, in 1951. Statement III is correct.
- Correct: I and III — So only statements I and III are correct. Option B.
Answer: B. Reproductive health is wider than normal organs, so II is wrong.
Q2. Match the item in List I with the year or place in List II.
List I: (a) Start of family planning in India (b) Legalisation of MTP (c) Development of Saheli
List II: (i) 1971 (ii) CDRI, Lucknow (iii) 1951
- a-i, b-iii, c-ii
- a-iii, b-ii, c-i
- a-ii, b-i, c-iii
- a-iii, b-i, c-ii
Hint and solution
Hint: Family planning is the earliest event. MTP came two decades later. Saheli is a research product, so think of a research institute.
- (a) Family planning → 1951 — India started national family planning programmes in 1951. So a matches iii.
- (b) MTP legalised → 1971 — Medical termination of pregnancy was legalised in 1971. So b matches i.
- (c) Saheli → CDRI, Lucknow — Saheli, the non-steroidal pill, was developed at the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. So c matches ii.
- a-iii, b-i, c-ii — Putting the three matches together gives a-iii, b-i, c-ii. Option D.
Answer: D. Family planning began in 1951, MTP was legalised in 1971 and Saheli was developed at CDRI, Lucknow.
Q3. Which of the following is NOT an aim of the RCH programmes?
- Promoting the use of amniocentesis for sex determination
- Creating awareness about reproduction-related aspects
- Providing facilities for a reproductively healthy society
- Providing medical help for pregnancy, delivery and STDs
Hint and solution
Hint: RCH programmes aim to help people. One option describes something that is banned by law.
- RCH = Reproductive and Child Health care — RCH programmes create awareness and provide facilities and medical help. We look for the odd one out.
- Options B, C, D are RCH aims — Awareness, healthy-society facilities and help for pregnancy, delivery and STDs all fit RCH.
- Sex determination by amniocentesis is banned — This test was misused for female foeticide, so it is illegal and cannot be promoted.
- Not an aim: promoting amniocentesis — So the statement that is NOT an RCH aim is promoting amniocentesis for sex determination. Option A.
Answer: A. Amniocentesis for sex determination is legally banned. RCH works for awareness and facilities.
How to use this chapter
Read the NCERT pages first, then attempt Set 1 without the hints. Note every wrong answer in a mistake list, read the reason for each option, and retry Set 2 two days later. A topic is solid when you can say why each wrong option is wrong.